What is Pneumonia (Pneumonia)?

Pneumonia, or commonly known as pneumonia, is the inflammation of the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs, which are filled with fluid. This disease is usually caused by viruses, bacteria, and rarely fungal infections, and it is highly contagious. Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of death among children aged 0-4 in Turkey. Viruses such as influenza, RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus), and coronavirus can lead to pneumonia. Symptoms include high fever, cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, and fatigue. Pneumonia can be more severe in individuals with weakened immune systems, the elderly, and young children.

How Does Pneumonia Spread?

The viruses and bacteria that cause pneumonia can spread through viral respiratory infections, such as the flu and the common cold. Transmission occurs through droplets, that is, infected droplets released into the air through sneezing and coughing. It can also spread through contact with objects contaminated by the infected person (e.g., cups, forks, door handles). Therefore, it is essential for individuals at risk to avoid contact with infected individuals and avoid crowded environments.

What Causes Pneumonia?

Pneumonia is generally caused by bacterial infections, with the most common cause being the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae. However, other bacteria such as Haemophilus influenzae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae can also lead to pneumonia. Viral pneumonia often starts with flu-like symptoms, and common causes include rhinovirus, influenza, coronavirus, and RSV, especially in children with bronchiolitis.

Types of Pneumonia

Community-Acquired Pneumonia: Patients usually acquire this type of pneumonia from infections they catch outside of the hospital.

Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia: This type is acquired in hospital settings, caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and is more difficult to treat.

Pneumonia in Immunocompromised Individuals: More common in individuals with HIV, those undergoing cancer treatment, or organ transplant recipients, often caused by fungi.

Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: This type occurs in patients using respiratory devices, usually seen in intensive care units.

Symptoms of Pneumonia

Symptoms of pneumonia typically include high fever, cough, chest pain, and shortness of breath. These symptoms usually last for 3 days or more.

Atypical Symptoms of Pneumonia: In the elderly and immunocompromised individuals, pneumonia can occur without fever. Symptoms may include fatigue, productive or dry cough, and shortness of breath.

Viral Pneumonia Symptoms: Often starts with flu-like symptoms, including fever, muscle aches, dry cough, and shortness of breath.

How is Pneumonia Diagnosed?

Diagnosis is usually made through tests such as chest X-rays, blood tests, and sputum cultures. X-rays show the extent of the infection in the lungs, while blood tests help determine whether the infection is bacterial or viral.

Treatment of Pneumonia

Pneumonia treatment depends on the type of infection. If pneumonia is caused by bacteria, antibiotics are used. In viral pneumonia, supportive care and symptom relief are provided instead of antiviral treatment. Additionally, respiratory support may be needed. Early diagnosis and treatment help prevent the condition from becoming severe.

How to Prevent Pneumonia?

The pneumonia vaccine is crucial, especially for individuals in risk groups such as infants, the elderly, and those with chronic diseases. Good hygiene practices and avoiding crowded environments are effective ways to protect against pneumonia.